[HTML] HTML5 Specification

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Table of contents

• 1 Introduction
• 2 Common infrastructure
• 3 Semantics, structure, and APIs of HTML documents
• 4 The elements of HTML
• 5 Microdata
• 6 User interaction
• 7 Loading Web pages
• 8 Web application APIs
• 9 Communication
• 10 Web workers
• 11 Web storage
• 12 The HTML syntax
• 13 The XML syntax
• 14 Rendering
• 15 Obsolete features
• 16 IANA considerations
• Index
• References
• Acknowledgments

Full table of contents

• 1 Introduction
  • 1.1 Where does this specification fit?
  • 1.2 Is this HTML5?
  • 1.3 Background
  • 1.4 Audience
  • 1.5 Scope
  • 1.6 History
  • 1.7 Design notes
    • 1.7.1 Serializability of script execution
    • 1.7.2 Compliance with other specifications
    • 1.7.3 Extensibility
  • 1.8 HTML vs XML syntax
  • 1.9 Structure of this specification
    • 1.9.1 How to read this specification
    • 1.9.2 Typographic conventions
  • 1.10 Privacy concerns
    • 1.10.1 Cross-site communication
  • 1.11 A quick introduction to HTML
    • 1.11.1 Writing secure applications with HTML
    • 1.11.2 Common pitfalls to avoid when using the scripting APIs
    • 1.11.3 How to catch mistakes when writing HTML: validators and conformance checkers
  • 1.12 Conformance requirements for authors
    • 1.12.1 Presentational markup
    • 1.12.2 Syntax errors
    • 1.12.3 Restrictions on content models and on attribute values
  • 1.13 Suggested reading
• 2 Common infrastructure
  • 2.1 Terminology
    • 2.1.1 Parallelism
    • 2.1.2 Resources
    • 2.1.3 XML compatibility
    • 2.1.4 DOM trees
    • 2.1.5 Scripting
    • 2.1.6 Plugins
    • 2.1.7 Character encodings
    • 2.1.8 Conformance classes
    • 2.1.9 Dependencies
    • 2.1.10 Extensibility
    • 2.1.11 Interactions with XPath and XSLT
  • 2.2 Case-sensitivity and string comparison
  • 2.3 Policy-controlled features
  • 2.4 Common microsyntaxes
    • 2.4.1 Common parser idioms
    • 2.4.2 Boolean attributes
    • 2.4.3 Keywords and enumerated attributes
    • 2.4.4 Numbers
      • 2.4.4.1 Signed integers
      • 2.4.4.2 Non-negative integers
      • 2.4.4.3 Floating-point numbers
      • 2.4.4.4 Percentages and lengths
      • 2.4.4.5 Non-zero percentages and lengths
      • 2.4.4.6 Lists of floating-point numbers
      • 2.4.4.7 Lists of dimensions
    • 2.4.5 Dates and times
      • 2.4.5.1 Months
      • 2.4.5.2 Dates
      • 2.4.5.3 Yearless dates
      • 2.4.5.4 Times
      • 2.4.5.5 Local dates and times
      • 2.4.5.6 Time zones
      • 2.4.5.7 Global dates and times
      • 2.4.5.8 Weeks
      • 2.4.5.9 Durations
      • 2.4.5.10 Vaguer moments in time
    • 2.4.6 Colors
    • 2.4.7 Space-separated tokens
    • 2.4.8 Comma-separated tokens
    • 2.4.9 References
    • 2.4.10 Media queries
  • 2.5 URLs
    • 2.5.1 Terminology
    • 2.5.2 Parsing URLs
    • 2.5.3 Dynamic changes to base URLs
  • 2.6 Fetching resources
    • 2.6.1 Terminology
    • 2.6.2 Determining the type of a resource
    • 2.6.3 Extracting character encodings from meta elements
    • 2.6.4 CORS settings attributes
    • 2.6.5 Referrer policy attributes
    • 2.6.6 Nonce attributes
  • 2.7 Common DOM interfaces
    • 2.7.1 Reflecting content attributes in IDL attributes
    • 2.7.2 Collections
      • 2.7.2.1 The HTMLAllCollection interface
        • 2.7.2.1.1 [[Call]] ( thisArgument, argumentsList )
      • 2.7.2.2 The HTMLFormControlsCollection interface
      • 2.7.2.3 The HTMLOptionsCollection interface
    • 2.7.3 The DOMStringList interface
  • 2.8 Safe passing of structured data
    • 2.8.1 Serializable objects
    • 2.8.2 Transferable objects
    • 2.8.3 StructuredSerializeInternal ( value, forStorage [ , memory ] )
    • 2.8.4 StructuredSerialize ( value )
    • 2.8.5 StructuredSerializeForStorage ( value )
    • 2.8.6 StructuredDeserialize ( serialized, targetRealm [ , memory ] )
    • 2.8.7 StructuredSerializeWithTransfer ( value, transferList )
    • 2.8.8 StructuredDeserializeWithTransfer ( serializeWithTransferResult, targetRealm )
    • 2.8.9 Performing serialization and transferring from other specifications
• 3 Semantics, structure, and APIs of HTML documents
  • 3.1 Documents
    • 3.1.1 The Document object
    • 3.1.2 Resource metadata management
    • 3.1.3 DOM tree accessors
  • 3.2 Elements
    • 3.2.1 Semantics
    • 3.2.2 Elements in the DOM
    • 3.2.3 HTML element constructors
    • 3.2.4 Element definitions
      • 3.2.4.1 Attributes
    • 3.2.5 Content models
      • 3.2.5.1 The "nothing" content model
      • 3.2.5.2 Kinds of content
        • 3.2.5.2.1 Metadata content
        • 3.2.5.2.2 Flow content
        • 3.2.5.2.3 Sectioning content
        • 3.2.5.2.4 Heading content
        • 3.2.5.2.5 Phrasing content
        • 3.2.5.2.6 Embedded content
        • 3.2.5.2.7 Interactive content
        • 3.2.5.2.8 Palpable content
        • 3.2.5.2.9 Script-supporting elements
      • 3.2.5.3 Transparent content models
      • 3.2.5.4 Paragraphs
    • 3.2.6 Global attributes
      • 3.2.6.1 The title attribute
      • 3.2.6.2 The lang and xml:lang attributes
      • 3.2.6.3 The translate attribute
      • 3.2.6.4 The dir attribute
      • 3.2.6.5 The style attribute
      • 3.2.6.6 Embedding custom non-visible data with the data-* attributes
    • 3.2.7 The innerText IDL attribute
    • 3.2.8 Requirements relating to the bidirectional algorithm
      • 3.2.8.1 Authoring conformance criteria for bidirectional-algorithm formatting characters
      • 3.2.8.2 User agent conformance criteria
    • 3.2.9 Requirements related to ARIA and to platform accessibility APIs
• 4 The elements of HTML
  • 4.1 The document element
    • 4.1.1 The html element
  • 4.2 Document metadata
    • 4.2.1 The head element
    • 4.2.2 The title element
    • 4.2.3 The base element
    • 4.2.4 The link element
      • 4.2.4.1 Processing the media attribute
      • 4.2.4.2 Processing the type attribute
      • 4.2.4.3 Fetching and processing a resource from a link element
      • 4.2.4.4 Processing `Link` headers
      • 4.2.4.5 Providing users with a means to follow hyperlinks created using the link element
    • 4.2.5 The meta element
      • 4.2.5.1 Standard metadata names
      • 4.2.5.2 Other metadata names
      • 4.2.5.3 Pragma directives
      • 4.2.5.4 Specifying the document's character encoding
    • 4.2.6 The style element
    • 4.2.7 Interactions of styling and scripting
  • 4.3 Sections
    • 4.3.1 The body element
    • 4.3.2 The article element
    • 4.3.3 The section element
    • 4.3.4 The nav element
    • 4.3.5 The aside element
    • 4.3.6 The h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, and h6 elements
    • 4.3.7 The hgroup element
    • 4.3.8 The header element
    • 4.3.9 The footer element
    • 4.3.10 The address element
    • 4.3.11 Headings and sections
      • 4.3.11.1 Creating an outline
      • 4.3.11.2 Sample outlines
      • 4.3.11.3 Exposing outlines to users
    • 4.3.12 Usage summary
      • 4.3.12.1 Article or section?
  • 4.4 Grouping content
    • 4.4.1 The p element
    • 4.4.2 The hr element
    • 4.4.3 The pre element
    • 4.4.4 The blockquote element
    • 4.4.5 The ol element
    • 4.4.6 The ul element
    • 4.4.7 The menu element
    • 4.4.8 The li element
    • 4.4.9 The dl element
    • 4.4.10 The dt element
    • 4.4.11 The dd element
    • 4.4.12 The figure element
    • 4.4.13 The figcaption element
    • 4.4.14 The main element
    • 4.4.15 The div element
  • 4.5 Text-level semantics
    • 4.5.1 The a element
    • 4.5.2 The em element
    • 4.5.3 The strong element
    • 4.5.4 The small element
    • 4.5.5 The s element
    • 4.5.6 The cite element
    • 4.5.7 The q element
    • 4.5.8 The dfn element
    • 4.5.9 The abbr element
    • 4.5.10 The ruby element
    • 4.5.11 The rt element
    • 4.5.12 The rp element
    • 4.5.13 The data element
    • 4.5.14 The time element
    • 4.5.15 The code element
    • 4.5.16 The var element
    • 4.5.17 The samp element
    • 4.5.18 The kbd element
    • 4.5.19 The sub and sup elements
    • 4.5.20 The i element
    • 4.5.21 The b element
    • 4.5.22 The u element
    • 4.5.23 The mark element
    • 4.5.24 The bdi element
    • 4.5.25 The bdo element
    • 4.5.26 The span element
    • 4.5.27 The br element
    • 4.5.28 The wbr element
    • 4.5.29 Usage summary
  • 4.6 Links
    • 4.6.1 Introduction
    • 4.6.2 Links created by a and area elements
    • 4.6.3 API for a and area elements
    • 4.6.4 Following hyperlinks
    • 4.6.5 Downloading resources
      • 4.6.5.1 Hyperlink auditing
    • 4.6.6 Link types
      • 4.6.6.1 Link type "alternate"
      • 4.6.6.2 Link type "author"
      • 4.6.6.3 Link type "bookmark"
      • 4.6.6.4 Link type "canonical"
      • 4.6.6.5 Link type "dns-prefetch"
      • 4.6.6.6 Link type "external"
      • 4.6.6.7 Link type "help"
      • 4.6.6.8 Link type "icon"
      • 4.6.6.9 Link type "license"
      • 4.6.6.10 Link type "modulepreload"
      • 4.6.6.11 Link type "nofollow"
      • 4.6.6.12 Link type "noopener"
      • 4.6.6.13 Link type "noreferrer"
      • 4.6.6.14 Link type "opener"
      • 4.6.6.15 Link type "pingback"
      • 4.6.6.16 Link type "preconnect"
      • 4.6.6.17 Link type "prefetch"
      • 4.6.6.18 Link type "preload"
      • 4.6.6.19 Link type "prerender"
      • 4.6.6.20 Link type "search"
      • 4.6.6.21 Link type "stylesheet"
      • 4.6.6.22 Link type "tag"
      • 4.6.6.23 Sequential link types
        • 4.6.6.23.1 Link type "next"
        • 4.6.6.23.2 Link type "prev"
      • 4.6.6.24 Other link types
  • 4.7 Edits
    • 4.7.1 The ins element
    • 4.7.2 The del element
    • 4.7.3 Attributes common to ins and del elements
    • 4.7.4 Edits and paragraphs
    • 4.7.5 Edits and lists
    • 4.7.6 Edits and tables
  • 4.8 Embedded content
    • 4.8.1 The picture element
    • 4.8.2 The source element
    • 4.8.3 The img element
    • 4.8.4 Images
      • 4.8.4.1 Introduction
        • 4.8.4.1.1 Adaptive images
      • 4.8.4.2 Attributes common to source, img, and link elements
        • 4.8.4.2.1 Srcset attributes
        • 4.8.4.2.2 Sizes attributes
      • 4.8.4.3 Processing model
        • 4.8.4.3.1 When to obtain images
        • 4.8.4.3.2 Reacting to DOM mutations
        • 4.8.4.3.3 The list of available images
        • 4.8.4.3.4 Decoding images
        • 4.8.4.3.5 Updating the image data
        • 4.8.4.3.6 Selecting an image source
        • 4.8.4.3.7 Updating the source set
        • 4.8.4.3.8 Parsing a srcset attribute
        • 4.8.4.3.9 Parsing a sizes attribute
        • 4.8.4.3.10 Normalizing the source densities
        • 4.8.4.3.11 Reacting to environment changes
      • 4.8.4.4 Requirements for providing text to act as an alternative for images
        • 4.8.4.4.1 General guidelines
        • 4.8.4.4.2 A link or button containing nothing but the image
        • 4.8.4.4.3 A phrase or paragraph with an alternative graphical representation: charts, diagrams, graphs, maps, illustrations
        • 4.8.4.4.4 A short phrase or label with an alternative graphical representation: icons, logos
        • 4.8.4.4.5 Text that has been rendered to a graphic for typographical effect
        • 4.8.4.4.6 A graphical representation of some of the surrounding text
        • 4.8.4.4.7 Ancillary images
        • 4.8.4.4.8 A purely decorative image that doesn't add any information
        • 4.8.4.4.9 A group of images that form a single larger picture with no links
        • 4.8.4.4.10 A group of images that form a single larger picture with links
        • 4.8.4.4.11 A key part of the content
        • 4.8.4.4.12 An image not intended for the user
        • 4.8.4.4.13 An image in an e-mail or private document intended for a specific person who is known to be able to view images
        • 4.8.4.4.14 Guidance for markup generators
        • 4.8.4.4.15 Guidance for conformance checkers
    • 4.8.5 The iframe element
    • 4.8.6 The embed element
    • 4.8.7 The object element
    • 4.8.8 The param element
    • 4.8.9 The video element
    • 4.8.10 The audio element
    • 4.8.11 The track element
    • 4.8.12 Media elements
      • 4.8.12.1 Error codes
      • 4.8.12.2 Location of the media resource
      • 4.8.12.3 MIME types
      • 4.8.12.4 Network states
      • 4.8.12.5 Loading the media resource
      • 4.8.12.6 Offsets into the media resource
      • 4.8.12.7 Ready states
      • 4.8.12.8 Playing the media resource
      • 4.8.12.9 Seeking
      • 4.8.12.10 Media resources with multiple media tracks
        • 4.8.12.10.1 AudioTrackList and VideoTrackList objects
        • 4.8.12.10.2 Selecting specific audio and video tracks declaratively
      • 4.8.12.11 Timed text tracks
        • 4.8.12.11.1 Text track model
        • 4.8.12.11.2 Sourcing in-band text tracks
        • 4.8.12.11.3 Sourcing out-of-band text tracks
        • 4.8.12.11.4 Guidelines for exposing cues in various formats as text track cues
        • 4.8.12.11.5 Text track API
        • 4.8.12.11.6 Event handlers for objects of the text track APIs
        • 4.8.12.11.7 Best practices for metadata text tracks
      • 4.8.12.12 Identifying a track kind through a URL
      • 4.8.12.13 User interface
      • 4.8.12.14 Time ranges
      • 4.8.12.15 The TrackEvent interface
      • 4.8.12.16 Events summary
      • 4.8.12.17 Security and privacy considerations
      • 4.8.12.18 Best practices for authors using media elements
      • 4.8.12.19 Best practices for implementers of media elements
    • 4.8.13 The map element
    • 4.8.14 The area element
    • 4.8.15 Image maps
      • 4.8.15.1 Authoring
      • 4.8.15.2 Processing model
    • 4.8.16 MathML
    • 4.8.17 SVG
    • 4.8.18 Dimension attributes
  • 4.9 Tabular data
    • 4.9.1 The table element
      • 4.9.1.1 Techniques for describing tables
      • 4.9.1.2 Techniques for table design
    • 4.9.2 The caption element
    • 4.9.3 The colgroup element
    • 4.9.4 The col element
    • 4.9.5 The tbody element
    • 4.9.6 The thead element
    • 4.9.7 The tfoot element
    • 4.9.8 The tr element
    • 4.9.9 The td element
    • 4.9.10 The th element
    • 4.9.11 Attributes common to td and th elements
    • 4.9.12 Processing model
      • 4.9.12.1 Forming a table
      • 4.9.12.2 Forming relationships between data cells and header cells
    • 4.9.13 Examples
  • 4.10 Forms
    • 4.10.1 Introduction
      • 4.10.1.1 Writing a form's user interface
      • 4.10.1.2 Implementing the server-side processing for a form
      • 4.10.1.3 Configuring a form to communicate with a server
      • 4.10.1.4 Client-side form validation
      • 4.10.1.5 Enabling client-side automatic filling of form controls
      • 4.10.1.6 Improving the user experience on mobile devices
      • 4.10.1.7 The difference between the field type, the autofill field name, and the input modality
      • 4.10.1.8 Date, time, and number formats
    • 4.10.2 Categories
    • 4.10.3 The form element
    • 4.10.4 The label element
    • 4.10.5 The input element
      • 4.10.5.1 States of the type attribute
        • 4.10.5.1.1 Hidden state (type=hidden)
        • 4.10.5.1.2 Text (type=text) state and Search state (type=search)
        • 4.10.5.1.3 Telephone state (type=tel)
        • 4.10.5.1.4 URL state (type=url)
        • 4.10.5.1.5 E-mail state (type=email)
        • 4.10.5.1.6 Password state (type=password)
        • 4.10.5.1.7 Date state (type=date)
        • 4.10.5.1.8 Month state (type=month)
        • 4.10.5.1.9 Week state (type=week)
        • 4.10.5.1.10 Time state (type=time)
        • 4.10.5.1.11 Local Date and Time state (type=datetime-local)
        • 4.10.5.1.12 Number state (type=number)
        • 4.10.5.1.13 Range state (type=range)
        • 4.10.5.1.14 Color state (type=color)
        • 4.10.5.1.15 Checkbox state (type=checkbox)
        • 4.10.5.1.16 Radio Button state (type=radio)
        • 4.10.5.1.17 File Upload state (type=file)
        • 4.10.5.1.18 Submit Button state (type=submit)
        • 4.10.5.1.19 Image Button state (type=image)
        • 4.10.5.1.20 Reset Button state (type=reset)
        • 4.10.5.1.21 Button state (type=button)
      • 4.10.5.2 Implementation notes regarding localization of form controls
      • 4.10.5.3 Common input element attributes
        • 4.10.5.3.1 The maxlength and minlength attributes
        • 4.10.5.3.2 The size attribute
        • 4.10.5.3.3 The readonly attribute
        • 4.10.5.3.4 The required attribute
        • 4.10.5.3.5 The multiple attribute
        • 4.10.5.3.6 The pattern attribute
        • 4.10.5.3.7 The min and max attributes
        • 4.10.5.3.8 The step attribute
        • 4.10.5.3.9 The list attribute
        • 4.10.5.3.10 The placeholder attribute
      • 4.10.5.4 Common input element APIs
      • 4.10.5.5 Common event behaviors
    • 4.10.6 The button element
    • 4.10.7 The select element
    • 4.10.8 The datalist element
    • 4.10.9 The optgroup element
    • 4.10.10 The option element
    • 4.10.11 The textarea element
    • 4.10.12 The output element
    • 4.10.13 The progress element
    • 4.10.14 The meter element
    • 4.10.15 The fieldset element
    • 4.10.16 The legend element
    • 4.10.17 Form control infrastructure
      • 4.10.17.1 A form control's value
      • 4.10.17.2 Mutability
      • 4.10.17.3 Association of controls and forms
    • 4.10.18 Attributes common to form controls
      • 4.10.18.1 Naming form controls: the name attribute
      • 4.10.18.2 Submitting element directionality: the dirname attribute
      • 4.10.18.3 Limiting user input length: the maxlength attribute
      • 4.10.18.4 Setting minimum input length requirements: the minlength attribute
      • 4.10.18.5 Enabling and disabling form controls: the disabled attribute
      • 4.10.18.6 Form submission
        • 4.10.18.6.1 Autofocusing a form control: the autofocus attribute
      • 4.10.18.7 Autofill
        • 4.10.18.7.1 Autofilling form controls: the autocomplete attribute
        • 4.10.18.7.2 Processing model
    • 4.10.19 APIs for the text control selections
    • 4.10.20 Constraints
      • 4.10.20.1 Definitions
      • 4.10.20.2 Constraint validation
      • 4.10.20.3 The constraint validation API
      • 4.10.20.4 Security
    • 4.10.21 Form submission
      • 4.10.21.1 Introduction
      • 4.10.21.2 Implicit submission
      • 4.10.21.3 Form submission algorithm
      • 4.10.21.4 Constructing the entry list
      • 4.10.21.5 Selecting a form submission encoding
      • 4.10.21.6 URL-encoded form data
      • 4.10.21.7 Multipart form data
      • 4.10.21.8 Plain text form data
      • 4.10.21.9 The FormDataEvent interface
    • 4.10.22 Resetting a form
  • 4.11 Interactive elements
    • 4.11.1 The details element
    • 4.11.2 The summary element
    • 4.11.3 Commands
      • 4.11.3.1 Facets
      • 4.11.3.2 Using the a element to define a command
      • 4.11.3.3 Using the button element to define a command
      • 4.11.3.4 Using the input element to define a command
      • 4.11.3.5 Using the option element to define a command
      • 4.11.3.6 Using the accesskey attribute on a legend element to define a command
      • 4.11.3.7 Using the accesskey attribute to define a command on other elements
    • 4.11.4 The dialog element
  • 4.12 Scripting
    • 4.12.1 The script element
      • 4.12.1.1 Processing model
      • 4.12.1.2 Scripting languages
      • 4.12.1.3 Restrictions for contents of script elements
      • 4.12.1.4 Inline documentation for external scripts
      • 4.12.1.5 Interaction of script elements and XSLT
    • 4.12.2 The noscript element
    • 4.12.3 The template element
      • 4.12.3.1 Interaction of template elements with XSLT and XPath
    • 4.12.4 The slot element
    • 4.12.5 The canvas element
      • 4.12.5.1 The 2D rendering context
        • 4.12.5.1.1 Implementation notes
        • 4.12.5.1.2 The canvas state
        • 4.12.5.1.3 Line styles
        • 4.12.5.1.4 Text styles
        • 4.12.5.1.5 Building paths
        • 4.12.5.1.6 Path2D objects
        • 4.12.5.1.7 Transformations
        • 4.12.5.1.8 Image sources for 2D rendering contexts
        • 4.12.5.1.9 Fill and stroke styles
        • 4.12.5.1.10 Drawing rectangles to the bitmap
        • 4.12.5.1.11 Drawing text to the bitmap
        • 4.12.5.1.12 Drawing paths to the canvas
        • 4.12.5.1.13 Drawing focus rings and scrolling paths into view
        • 4.12.5.1.14 Drawing images
        • 4.12.5.1.15 Pixel manipulation
        • 4.12.5.1.16 Compositing
        • 4.12.5.1.17 Image smoothing
        • 4.12.5.1.18 Shadows
        • 4.12.5.1.19 Filters
        • 4.12.5.1.20 Working with externally-defined SVG filters
        • 4.12.5.1.21 Drawing model
        • 4.12.5.1.22 Best practices
        • 4.12.5.1.23 Examples
      • 4.12.5.2 The ImageBitmap rendering context
        • 4.12.5.2.1 Introduction
        • 4.12.5.2.2 The ImageBitmapRenderingContext interface
      • 4.12.5.3 The OffscreenCanvas interface
        • 4.12.5.3.1 The offscreen 2D rendering context
      • 4.12.5.4 Color spaces and color correction
      • 4.12.5.5 Serializing bitmaps to a file
      • 4.12.5.6 Security with canvas elements
  • 4.13 Custom elements
    • 4.13.1 Introduction
      • 4.13.1.1 Creating an autonomous custom element
      • 4.13.1.2 Creating a form-associated custom element
      • 4.13.1.3 Creating a customized built-in element
      • 4.13.1.4 Drawbacks of autonomous custom elements
      • 4.13.1.5 Upgrading elements after their creation
    • 4.13.2 Requirements for custom element constructors and reactions
    • 4.13.3 Core concepts
    • 4.13.4 The CustomElementRegistry interface
    • 4.13.5 Upgrades
    • 4.13.6 Custom element reactions
    • 4.13.7 The ElementInternals interface
  • 4.14 Common idioms without dedicated elements
    • 4.14.1 Bread crumb navigation
    • 4.14.2 Tag clouds
    • 4.14.3 Conversations
    • 4.14.4 Footnotes
  • 4.15 Disabled elements
  • 4.16 Matching HTML elements using selectors and CSS
    • 4.16.1 Case-sensitivity of the CSS 'attr()' function
    • 4.16.2 Case-sensitivity of selectors
    • 4.16.3 Pseudo-classes
• 5 Microdata
  • 5.1 Introduction
    • 5.1.1 Overview
    • 5.1.2 The basic syntax
    • 5.1.3 Typed items
    • 5.1.4 Global identifiers for items
    • 5.1.5 Selecting names when defining vocabularies
  • 5.2 Encoding microdata
    • 5.2.1 The microdata model
    • 5.2.2 Items
    • 5.2.3 Names: the itemprop attribute
    • 5.2.4 Values
    • 5.2.5 Associating names with items
    • 5.2.6 Microdata and other namespaces
  • 5.3 Sample microdata vocabularies
    • 5.3.1 vCard
      • 5.3.1.1 Conversion to vCard
      • 5.3.1.2 Examples
    • 5.3.2 vEvent
      • 5.3.2.1 Conversion to iCalendar
      • 5.3.2.2 Examples
    • 5.3.3 Licensing works
      • 5.3.3.1 Examples
  • 5.4 Converting HTML to other formats
    • 5.4.1 JSON
• 6 User interaction
  • 6.1 The hidden attribute
  • 6.2 Inert subtrees
  • 6.3 Activation
  • 6.4 Focus
    • 6.4.1 Introduction
    • 6.4.2 Data model
    • 6.4.3 The tabindex attribute
    • 6.4.4 Processing model
    • 6.4.5 Sequential focus navigation
    • 6.4.6 Focus management APIs
  • 6.5 Assigning keyboard shortcuts
    • 6.5.1 Introduction
    • 6.5.2 The accesskey attribute
    • 6.5.3 Processing model
  • 6.6 Editing
    • 6.6.1 Making document regions editable: The contenteditable content attribute
    • 6.6.2 Making entire documents editable: the designMode IDL attribute
    • 6.6.3 Best practices for in-page editors
    • 6.6.4 Editing APIs
    • 6.6.5 Spelling and grammar checking
    • 6.6.6 Autocapitalization
    • 6.6.7 Input modalities: the inputmode attribute
    • 6.6.8 Input modalities: the enterkeyhint attribute
  • 6.7 Drag and drop
    • 6.7.1 Introduction
    • 6.7.2 The drag data store
    • 6.7.3 The DataTransfer interface
      • 6.7.3.1 The DataTransferItemList interface
      • 6.7.3.2 The DataTransferItem interface
    • 6.7.4 The DragEvent interface
    • 6.7.5 Processing model
    • 6.7.6 Events summary
    • 6.7.7 The draggable attribute
    • 6.7.8 Security risks in the drag-and-drop model
• 7 Loading Web pages
  • 7.1 Browsing contexts
    • 7.1.1 Creating browsing contexts
    • 7.1.2 Related browsing contexts
      • 7.1.2.1 Navigating related browsing contexts in the DOM
    • 7.1.3 Security
    • 7.1.4 Groupings of browsing contexts
    • 7.1.5 Browsing context names
  • 7.2 Security infrastructure for Window, WindowProxy, and Location objects
    • 7.2.1 Integration with IDL
    • 7.2.2 Shared internal slot: [[CrossOriginPropertyDescriptorMap]]
    • 7.2.3 Shared abstract operations
      • 7.2.3.1 CrossOriginProperties ( O )
      • 7.2.3.2 CrossOriginPropertyFallback ( P )
      • 7.2.3.3 IsPlatformObjectSameOrigin ( O )
      • 7.2.3.4 CrossOriginGetOwnPropertyHelper ( O, P )
      • 7.2.3.5 CrossOriginGet ( O, P, Receiver )
      • 7.2.3.6 CrossOriginSet ( O, P, V, Receiver )
      • 7.2.3.7 CrossOriginOwnPropertyKeys ( O )
  • 7.3 The Window object
    • 7.3.1 APIs for creating and navigating browsing contexts by name
    • 7.3.2 Accessing other browsing contexts
    • 7.3.3 Named access on the Window object
    • 7.3.4 Discarding browsing contexts
    • 7.3.5 Closing browsing contexts
    • 7.3.6 Browser interface elements
    • 7.3.7 Script settings for Window objects
  • 7.4 The WindowProxy exotic object
    • 7.4.1 [[GetPrototypeOf]] ( )
    • 7.4.2 [[SetPrototypeOf]] ( V )
    • 7.4.3 [[IsExtensible]] ( )
    • 7.4.4 [[PreventExtensions]] ( )
    • 7.4.5 [[GetOwnProperty]] ( P )
    • 7.4.6 [[DefineOwnProperty]] ( P, Desc )
    • 7.4.7 [[Get]] ( P, Receiver )
    • 7.4.8 [[Set]] ( P, V, Receiver )
    • 7.4.9 [[Delete]] ( P )
    • 7.4.10 [[OwnPropertyKeys]] ( )
  • 7.5 Origin
    • 7.5.1 Relaxing the same-origin restriction
  • 7.6 Sandboxing
  • 7.7 Session history and navigation
    • 7.7.1 The session history of browsing contexts
    • 7.7.2 The History interface
    • 7.7.3 Implementation notes for session history
    • 7.7.4 The Location interface
      • 7.7.4.1 [[GetPrototypeOf]] ( )
      • 7.7.4.2 [[SetPrototypeOf]] ( V )
      • 7.7.4.3 [[IsExtensible]] ( )
      • 7.7.4.4 [[PreventExtensions]] ( )
      • 7.7.4.5 [[GetOwnProperty]] ( P )
      • 7.7.4.6 [[DefineOwnProperty]] ( P, Desc )
      • 7.7.4.7 [[Get]] ( P, Receiver )
      • 7.7.4.8 [[Set]] ( P, V, Receiver )
      • 7.7.4.9 [[Delete]] ( P )
      • 7.7.4.10 [[OwnPropertyKeys]] ( )
  • 7.8 Browsing the Web
    • 7.8.1 Navigating across documents
    • 7.8.2 Page load processing model for HTML files
    • 7.8.3 Page load processing model for XML files
    • 7.8.4 Page load processing model for text files
    • 7.8.5 Page load processing model for multipart/x-mixed-replace resources
    • 7.8.6 Page load processing model for media
    • 7.8.7 Page load processing model for content that uses plugins
    • 7.8.8 Page load processing model for inline content that doesn't have a DOM
    • 7.8.9 Navigating to a fragment
    • 7.8.10 History traversal
      • 7.8.10.1 Persisted user state restoration
      • 7.8.10.2 The PopStateEvent interface
      • 7.8.10.3 The HashChangeEvent interface
      • 7.8.10.4 The PageTransitionEvent interface
    • 7.8.11 Unloading documents
      • 7.8.11.1 The BeforeUnloadEvent interface
    • 7.8.12 Aborting a document load
  • 7.9 Offline Web applications
    • 7.9.1 Introduction
      • 7.9.1.1 Supporting offline caching for legacy applications
      • 7.9.1.2 Events summary
    • 7.9.2 Application caches
    • 7.9.3 The cache manifest syntax
      • 7.9.3.1 Some sample manifests
      • 7.9.3.2 Writing cache manifests
      • 7.9.3.3 Parsing cache manifests
    • 7.9.4 Downloading or updating an application cache
    • 7.9.5 The application cache selection algorithm
    • 7.9.6 Changes to the networking model
    • 7.9.7 Expiring application caches
    • 7.9.8 Disk space
    • 7.9.9 Security concerns with offline applications caches
    • 7.9.10 Application cache API
    • 7.9.11 Browser state
• 8 Web application APIs
  • 8.1 Scripting
    • 8.1.1 Introduction
    • 8.1.2 Enabling and disabling scripting
    • 8.1.3 Processing model
      • 8.1.3.1 Definitions
      • 8.1.3.2 Fetching scripts
      • 8.1.3.3 Creating scripts
      • 8.1.3.4 Calling scripts
      • 8.1.3.5 Realms, settings objects, and global objects
        • 8.1.3.5.1 Entry
        • 8.1.3.5.2 Incumbent
        • 8.1.3.5.3 Current
        • 8.1.3.5.4 Relevant
      • 8.1.3.6 Killing scripts
      • 8.1.3.7 Integration with the JavaScript job queue
        • 8.1.3.7.1 EnqueueJob(queueName, job, arguments)
      • 8.1.3.8 Integration with the JavaScript module system
        • 8.1.3.8.1 HostResolveImportedModule(referencingScriptOrModule, specifier)
        • 8.1.3.8.2 HostImportModuleDynamically(referencingScriptOrModule, specifier, promiseCapability)
        • 8.1.3.8.3 HostGetImportMetaProperties(moduleRecord)
      • 8.1.3.9 Integration with the JavaScript agent formalism
      • 8.1.3.10 Integration with the JavaScript agent cluster formalism
      • 8.1.3.11 Runtime script errors
        • 8.1.3.11.1 Runtime script errors in documents
        • 8.1.3.11.2 The ErrorEvent interface
      • 8.1.3.12 Unhandled promise rejections
        • 8.1.3.12.1 HostPromiseRejectionTracker(promise, operation)
        • 8.1.3.12.2 The PromiseRejectionEvent interface
      • 8.1.3.13 HostEnsureCanCompileStrings(callerRealm, calleeRealm)
    • 8.1.4 Event loops
      • 8.1.4.1 Definitions
      • 8.1.4.2 Queuing tasks
      • 8.1.4.3 Processing model
      • 8.1.4.4 Generic task sources
      • 8.1.4.5 Dealing with the event loop from other specifications
    • 8.1.5 Events
      • 8.1.5.1 Event handlers
      • 8.1.5.2 Event handlers on elements, Document objects, and Window objects
        • 8.1.5.2.1 IDL definitions
      • 8.1.5.3 Event firing
  • 8.2 The WindowOrWorkerGlobalScope mixin
  • 8.3 Base64 utility methods
  • 8.4 Dynamic markup insertion
    • 8.4.1 Opening the input stream
    • 8.4.2 Closing the input stream
    • 8.4.3 document.write()
    • 8.4.4 document.writeln()
  • 8.5 Timers
  • 8.6 Microtask queuing
  • 8.7 User prompts
    • 8.7.1 Simple dialogs
    • 8.7.2 Printing
  • 8.8 System state and capabilities
    • 8.8.1 The Navigator object
      • 8.8.1.1 Client identification
      • 8.8.1.2 Language preferences
      • 8.8.1.3 Custom scheme handlers: the registerProtocolHandler() method
        • 8.8.1.3.1 Security and privacy
      • 8.8.1.4 Cookies
      • 8.8.1.5 Plugins
  • 8.9 Images
  • 8.10 Animation frames
• 9 Communication
  • 9.1 The MessageEvent interface
  • 9.2 Server-sent events
    • 9.2.1 Introduction
    • 9.2.2 The EventSource interface
    • 9.2.3 Processing model
    • 9.2.4 Parsing an event stream
    • 9.2.5 Interpreting an event stream
    • 9.2.6 Authoring notes
    • 9.2.7 Connectionless push and other features
    • 9.2.8 Garbage collection
    • 9.2.9 Implementation advice
  • 9.3 Web sockets
    • 9.3.1 Introduction
    • 9.3.2 The WebSocket interface
    • 9.3.3 Feedback from the protocol
    • 9.3.4 Ping and Pong frames
    • 9.3.5 The CloseEvent interface
    • 9.3.6 Garbage collection
  • 9.4 Cross-document messaging
    • 9.4.1 Introduction
    • 9.4.2 Security
      • 9.4.2.1 Authors
      • 9.4.2.2 User agents
    • 9.4.3 Posting messages
  • 9.5 Channel messaging
    • 9.5.1 Introduction
      • 9.5.1.1 Examples
      • 9.5.1.2 Ports as the basis of an object-capability model on the Web
      • 9.5.1.3 Ports as the basis of abstracting out service implementations
    • 9.5.2 Message channels
    • 9.5.3 Message ports
    • 9.5.4 Broadcasting to many ports
    • 9.5.5 Ports and garbage collection
  • 9.6 Broadcasting to other browsing contexts
• 10 Web workers
  • 10.1 Introduction
    • 10.1.1 Scope
    • 10.1.2 Examples
      • 10.1.2.1 A background number-crunching worker
      • 10.1.2.2 Using a JavaScript module as a worker
      • 10.1.2.3 Shared workers introduction
      • 10.1.2.4 Shared state using a shared worker
      • 10.1.2.5 Delegation
      • 10.1.2.6 Providing libraries
    • 10.1.3 Tutorials
      • 10.1.3.1 Creating a dedicated worker
      • 10.1.3.2 Communicating with a dedicated worker
      • 10.1.3.3 Shared workers
  • 10.2 Infrastructure
    • 10.2.1 The global scope
      • 10.2.1.1 The WorkerGlobalScope common interface
      • 10.2.1.2 Dedicated workers and the DedicatedWorkerGlobalScope interface
      • 10.2.1.3 Shared workers and the SharedWorkerGlobalScope interface
    • 10.2.2 The event loop
    • 10.2.3 The worker's lifetime
    • 10.2.4 Processing model
    • 10.2.5 Runtime script errors
    • 10.2.6 Creating workers
      • 10.2.6.1 The AbstractWorker mixin
      • 10.2.6.2 Script settings for workers
      • 10.2.6.3 Dedicated workers and the Worker interface
      • 10.2.6.4 Shared workers and the SharedWorker interface
    • 10.2.7 Concurrent hardware capabilities
  • 10.3 APIs available to workers
    • 10.3.1 Importing scripts and libraries
    • 10.3.2 The WorkerNavigator interface
    • 10.3.3 The WorkerLocation interface
• 11 Web storage
  • 11.1 Introduction
  • 11.2 The API
    • 11.2.1 The Storage interface
    • 11.2.2 The sessionStorage attribute
    • 11.2.3 The localStorage attribute
    • 11.2.4 The storage event
      • 11.2.4.1 The StorageEvent interface
  • 11.3 Disk space
  • 11.4 Privacy
    • 11.4.1 User tracking
    • 11.4.2 Sensitivity of data
  • 11.5 Security
    • 11.5.1 DNS spoofing attacks
    • 11.5.2 Cross-directory attacks
    • 11.5.3 Implementation risks
• 12 The HTML syntax
  • 12.1 Writing HTML documents
    • 12.1.1 The DOCTYPE
    • 12.1.2 Elements
      • 12.1.2.1 Start tags
      • 12.1.2.2 End tags
      • 12.1.2.3 Attributes
      • 12.1.2.4 Optional tags
      • 12.1.2.5 Restrictions on content models
      • 12.1.2.6 Restrictions on the contents of raw text and escapable raw text elements
    • 12.1.3 Text
      • 12.1.3.1 Newlines
    • 12.1.4 Character references
    • 12.1.5 CDATA sections
    • 12.1.6 Comments
  • 12.2 Parsing HTML documents
    • 12.2.1 Overview of the parsing model
    • 12.2.2 Parse errors
    • 12.2.3 The input byte stream
      • 12.2.3.1 Parsing with a known character encoding
      • 12.2.3.2 Determining the character encoding
      • 12.2.3.3 Character encodings
      • 12.2.3.4 Changing the encoding while parsing
      • 12.2.3.5 Preprocessing the input stream
    • 12.2.4 Parse state
      • 12.2.4.1 The insertion mode
      • 12.2.4.2 The stack of open elements
      • 12.2.4.3 The list of active formatting elements
      • 12.2.4.4 The element pointers
      • 12.2.4.5 Other parsing state flags
    • 12.2.5 Tokenization
      • 12.2.5.1 Data state
      • 12.2.5.2 RCDATA state
      • 12.2.5.3 RAWTEXT state
      • 12.2.5.4 Script data state
      • 12.2.5.5 PLAINTEXT state
      • 12.2.5.6 Tag open state
      • 12.2.5.7 End tag open state
      • 12.2.5.8 Tag name state
      • 12.2.5.9 RCDATA less-than sign state
      • 12.2.5.10 RCDATA end tag open state
      • 12.2.5.11 RCDATA end tag name state
      • 12.2.5.12 RAWTEXT less-than sign state
      • 12.2.5.13 RAWTEXT end tag open state
      • 12.2.5.14 RAWTEXT end tag name state
      • 12.2.5.15 Script data less-than sign state
      • 12.2.5.16 Script data end tag open state
      • 12.2.5.17 Script data end tag name state
      • 12.2.5.18 Script data escape start state
      • 12.2.5.19 Script data escape start dash state
      • 12.2.5.20 Script data escaped state
      • 12.2.5.21 Script data escaped dash state
      • 12.2.5.22 Script data escaped dash dash state
      • 12.2.5.23 Script data escaped less-than sign state
      • 12.2.5.24 Script data escaped end tag open state
      • 12.2.5.25 Script data escaped end tag name state
      • 12.2.5.26 Script data double escape start state
      • 12.2.5.27 Script data double escaped state
      • 12.2.5.28 Script data double escaped dash state
      • 12.2.5.29 Script data double escaped dash dash state
      • 12.2.5.30 Script data double escaped less-than sign state
      • 12.2.5.31 Script data double escape end state
      • 12.2.5.32 Before attribute name state
      • 12.2.5.33 Attribute name state
      • 12.2.5.34 After attribute name state
      • 12.2.5.35 Before attribute value state
      • 12.2.5.36 Attribute value (double-quoted) state
      • 12.2.5.37 Attribute value (single-quoted) state
      • 12.2.5.38 Attribute value (unquoted) state
      • 12.2.5.39 After attribute value (quoted) state
      • 12.2.5.40 Self-closing start tag state
      • 12.2.5.41 Bogus comment state
      • 12.2.5.42 Markup declaration open state
      • 12.2.5.43 Comment start state
      • 12.2.5.44 Comment start dash state
      • 12.2.5.45 Comment state
      • 12.2.5.46 Comment less-than sign state
      • 12.2.5.47 Comment less-than sign bang state
      • 12.2.5.48 Comment less-than sign bang dash state
      • 12.2.5.49 Comment less-than sign bang dash dash state
      • 12.2.5.50 Comment end dash state
      • 12.2.5.51 Comment end state
      • 12.2.5.52 Comment end bang state
      • 12.2.5.53 DOCTYPE state
      • 12.2.5.54 Before DOCTYPE name state
      • 12.2.5.55 DOCTYPE name state
      • 12.2.5.56 After DOCTYPE name state
      • 12.2.5.57 After DOCTYPE public keyword state
      • 12.2.5.58 Before DOCTYPE public identifier state
      • 12.2.5.59 DOCTYPE public identifier (double-quoted) state
      • 12.2.5.60 DOCTYPE public identifier (single-quoted) state
      • 12.2.5.61 After DOCTYPE public identifier state
      • 12.2.5.62 Between DOCTYPE public and system identifiers state
      • 12.2.5.63 After DOCTYPE system keyword state
      • 12.2.5.64 Before DOCTYPE system identifier state
      • 12.2.5.65 DOCTYPE system identifier (double-quoted) state
      • 12.2.5.66 DOCTYPE system identifier (single-quoted) state
      • 12.2.5.67 After DOCTYPE system identifier state
      • 12.2.5.68 Bogus DOCTYPE state
      • 12.2.5.69 CDATA section state
      • 12.2.5.70 CDATA section bracket state
      • 12.2.5.71 CDATA section end state
      • 12.2.5.72 Character reference state
      • 12.2.5.73 Named character reference state
      • 12.2.5.74 Ambiguous ampersand state
      • 12.2.5.75 Numeric character reference state
      • 12.2.5.76 Hexadecimal character reference start state
      • 12.2.5.77 Decimal character reference start state
      • 12.2.5.78 Hexadecimal character reference state
      • 12.2.5.79 Decimal character reference state
      • 12.2.5.80 Numeric character reference end state
    • 12.2.6 Tree construction
      • 12.2.6.1 Creating and inserting nodes
      • 12.2.6.2 Parsing elements that contain only text
      • 12.2.6.3 Closing elements that have implied end tags
      • 12.2.6.4 The rules for parsing tokens in HTML content
        • 12.2.6.4.1 The "initial" insertion mode
        • 12.2.6.4.2 The "before html" insertion mode
        • 12.2.6.4.3 The "before head" insertion mode
        • 12.2.6.4.4 The "in head" insertion mode
        • 12.2.6.4.5 The "in head noscript" insertion mode
        • 12.2.6.4.6 The "after head" insertion mode
        • 12.2.6.4.7 The "in body" insertion mode
        • 12.2.6.4.8 The "text" insertion mode
        • 12.2.6.4.9 The "in table" insertion mode
        • 12.2.6.4.10 The "in table text" insertion mode
        • 12.2.6.4.11 The "in caption" insertion mode
        • 12.2.6.4.12 The "in column group" insertion mode
        • 12.2.6.4.13 The "in table body" insertion mode
        • 12.2.6.4.14 The "in row" insertion mode
        • 12.2.6.4.15 The "in cell" insertion mode
        • 12.2.6.4.16 The "in select" insertion mode
        • 12.2.6.4.17 The "in select in table" insertion mode
        • 12.2.6.4.18 The "in template" insertion mode
        • 12.2.6.4.19 The "after body" insertion mode
        • 12.2.6.4.20 The "in frameset" insertion mode
        • 12.2.6.4.21 The "after frameset" insertion mode
        • 12.2.6.4.22 The "after after body" insertion mode
        • 12.2.6.4.23 The "after after frameset" insertion mode
      • 12.2.6.5 The rules for parsing tokens in foreign content
    • 12.2.7 The end
    • 12.2.8 Coercing an HTML DOM into an infoset
    • 12.2.9 An introduction to error handling and strange cases in the parser
      • 12.2.9.1 Misnested tags: <b><i></b></i>
      • 12.2.9.2 Misnested tags: <b><p></b></p>
      • 12.2.9.3 Unexpected markup in tables
      • 12.2.9.4 Scripts that modify the page as it is being parsed
      • 12.2.9.5 The execution of scripts that are moving across multiple documents
      • 12.2.9.6 Unclosed formatting elements
  • 12.3 Serializing HTML fragments
  • 12.4 Parsing HTML fragments
  • 12.5 Named character references
• 13 The XML syntax
  • 13.1 Writing documents in the XML syntax
  • 13.2 Parsing XML documents
  • 13.3 Serializing XML fragments
  • 13.4 Parsing XML fragments
• 14 Rendering
  • 14.1 Introduction
  • 14.2 The CSS user agent style sheet and presentational hints
  • 14.3 Non-replaced elements
    • 14.3.1 Hidden elements
    • 14.3.2 The page
    • 14.3.3 Flow content
    • 14.3.4 Phrasing content
    • 14.3.5 Bidirectional text
    • 14.3.6 Quotes
    • 14.3.7 Sections and headings
    • 14.3.8 Lists
    • 14.3.9 Tables
    • 14.3.10 Margin collapsing quirks
    • 14.3.11 Form controls
    • 14.3.12 The hr element
    • 14.3.13 The fieldset and legend elements
  • 14.4 Replaced elements
    • 14.4.1 Embedded content
    • 14.4.2 Images
    • 14.4.3 Attributes for embedded content and images
    • 14.4.4 Image maps
  • 14.5 Widgets
    • 14.5.1 Introduction
    • 14.5.2 Button layout
    • 14.5.3 The button element
    • 14.5.4 The details and summary elements
    • 14.5.5 The input element as a text entry widget
    • 14.5.6 The input element as domain-specific widgets
    • 14.5.7 The input element as a range control
    • 14.5.8 The input element as a color well
    • 14.5.9 The input element as a checkbox and radio button widgets
    • 14.5.10 The input element as a file upload control
    • 14.5.11 The input element as a button
    • 14.5.12 The marquee element
    • 14.5.13 The meter element
    • 14.5.14 The progress element
    • 14.5.15 The select element
    • 14.5.16 The textarea element
  • 14.6 Frames and framesets
  • 14.7 Interactive media
    • 14.7.1 Links, forms, and navigation
    • 14.7.2 The title attribute
    • 14.7.3 Editing hosts
    • 14.7.4 Text rendered in native user interfaces
  • 14.8 Print media
  • 14.9 Unstyled XML documents
• 15 Obsolete features
  • 15.1 Obsolete but conforming features
    • 15.1.1 Warnings for obsolete but conforming features
  • 15.2 Non-conforming features
  • 15.3 Requirements for implementations
    • 15.3.1 The marquee element
    • 15.3.2 Frames
    • 15.3.3 Other elements, attributes and APIs
• 16 IANA considerations
  • 16.1 text/html
  • 16.2 multipart/x-mixed-replace
  • 16.3 application/xhtml+xml
  • 16.4 text/cache-manifest
  • 16.5 text/ping
  • 16.6 application/microdata+json
  • 16.7 text/event-stream
  • 16.8 `Ping-From`
  • 16.9 `Ping-To`
  • 16.10 `Refresh`
  • 16.11 `Last-Event-ID`
  • 16.12 web+ scheme prefix
• Index
  • Elements
  • Element content categories
  • Attributes
  • Element Interfaces
  • All Interfaces
  • Events
  • MIME Types
• References
• Acknowledgments